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Volume 10; Issue 12

Groundwater Flow in Fractured Rock Matrix: Application of the Forchheimer Model

Abstract

Groundwater flow through pores and fractures is driven by both pressure and hydraulic head. Upon this, different models have been developed. In the models, some parameters influencing the pressure and hydraulic head are embedded. An examination of the flow behaviour of water in pores and fractures must take cognizance of their roles. This paper studies the groundwater flow through a fractured aquifer using the Forchheimer model, to check the sustainability of any water project that may depend on the groundwater flow. The problem is solved using the Separation of Variables and Perturbation approaches. Solutions of the hydraulic head are obtained and presented quantitatively and graphically. The analysis of results shows that the increase in themagnitude of the specific discharge does not affect the hydraulic head in the flow through the fractured unconfined aquifers, but causes fluctuation in the hydraulic headin the flow through the fracture running from the confined to the unconfined aquifer. Furthermore, the increase in the thickness of the sub-layers of the aquifer increases the hydraulic head in the fractured unconfined aquifers, but causes fluctuation in the hydraulic head structure in the flow through the fracture running from the confined to the unconfined aquifer.

Geospatial Assessment of Flood-Prone Areas in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study assesses flood-prone areas in Gombe Local Government Area (LGA), Gombe State, Nigeria, using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing techniques. The analysis focuses on key flood risk factors including elevation, soil composition, geology, stream density, and the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). Findings indicate that low-lying areas (330- 380 meters) covering 11.19% of the area are highly susceptible to flooding due to limited drainage capacity, while higher elevations (>590 meters) spanning 18.34% of the area act as natural buffers against inundation. Areas dominated by Arenosols (66.93% of the area) exhibit increased flood risk, contrasting with regions with Nitisols (0.41% of the area) that are less prone to flooding. Geological formations such as Gombe Sandstone (37.89% of the area) and Basement Complex (3.30% of the area) significantly influence flood dynamics. Higher stream density areas (56.17% of the area) experience intensified surface runoff and localized flooding, impacting flood susceptibility. The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) analysis highlights moisture conditions, with higher TWI values indicating elevated flood risk. These insight are crucial for forming flood risk management strategies and disaster resilience effort in Gombe LGA and similar regions. Recommendations include enhanced land-use planning, improve drainage infrastructure, and community-based preparedness initiatives to mitigate flood impacts and build resilience.

Biofertilizers as Sustainable Solution in Enhancing Food Security

Abstract

Agricultural sector contributes to about one third share in global gross domestic products. However, the increasing trend in human population is leading to high food demand. Soil quality, availability of nutrients, environmental conditions as well as the biological health of the soil are important criteria for improving crop yield per unit area for achieving the targeted goal of food security, Intensive use of Chemical fertilizers despite the high nutrients contents and ability to grow crops faster have also been proven to have a harmful effect on soil quality, soil nutrient, water, the environment, and, ultimately, plants and human health. The alternative to these, biofertilizers arose today due to their attributes such as being eco-friendly, cost-effective, and easy to apply in the agricultural field. Biofertilizers are a batch of diverse microorganisms, which can induce plant growth along with soil health, even under abiotic stress conditions. All these led to them gaining importance in sustainable agriculture. In most agricultural systems, nitrogen is most often the limiting nutrient that dictates crop production; that is why a broad canvas of biofertilizers that enhance nitrogen and those that enhance phosphorus nutrition were discussed from several perspectives. This study aims to explore the potentials and prospects of microorganism-based biofertilizer usage in agriculture and the overall solution to food security.

IMPACT OF URBANISATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY IN GOMBE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

The study examined how urbanisation af ects groundwater quality in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria. Eleven water samples were collected and analysed using standard methods to assess their physico-chemical properties and compare them to WHO threshold limits. The parameters evaluated include pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, turbidity, nitrate, sulphate, chloride, fluoride, total hardness, sodium, iron, manganese, arsenic, chromium, and lead. The laboratory analysis results indicated that the majority of physio-chemical parameters in the samples met WHO permissible limits, except for chloride and turbidity values in some samples, which exceeded the thresholds. Analysis of variance and simple correlation show that one-third of the boreholes sampled exhibited strong acidic characteristics, while two-thirds of the sampled water displayed basic characteristics. All the samples showed high levels of dissolved chloride ions. Based on the study findings, the water samples in the study area were deemed suitable for human consumption due to their good quality. Ef orts were made to integrate possible sources of observed phenomena from past studies, which clearly demonstrated that urbanisation, population growth, and urban activities contribute to groundwater pollution threats. The study recommended treating the water extracted on-site before supply and consumption to prevent contamination of groundwater supplies in the study area and ensure consistent water quality.

VALUATION OF PORTABLE WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN HADEJIA PARTS OF SEMI-ARID REGION OF JIGAWA STATE

Abstract

This evaluation investigates the current state of potable water resources and analyzes demand patterns. The study employs a comprehensive methodology, incorporating data derived from structured questionnaires, field measurements, and laboratory analyses. Descriptive statistics were adopted for the analysis. The predominant sources of water supply within the study area were determined to be hand-dug wells, boreholes, rivers, and piped water. A comprehensive analysis of water demand patterns across the region revealed a daily household demand of 553,640 liters, surpassing the available supply of 321,423 liters. This daily deficit amounted to 232,217 liters. The primary sources of water supply contributed to the overall supply in the following proportions: boreholes (28.43%), hand pumps (20.77%), and hand-dug wells (20.27%). While the concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in the water supply adhered to WHO guidelines, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Mg exceeded the recommended permissible levels. The MPI (presumably a measure of groundwater pollution) reveals a critical threat to groundwater resources, with recorded values exceeding the established threshold of 6.0the study recommends collaborative efforts between governmental entities and WASH-focused NGOs to ensure equitable access to potable water for all households, irrespective of their geographical location. Key words: Evaluation, portable water, demand, supply and Semi-Arid region.

SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MASHI AND MANI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS (LGAS), KATSINA STATE: UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS

Abstract

This study examines the socioeconomic and cultural factors that influence water management practices in Mashi and Mani local government areas (LGAs) in Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was employed, and data was collected through questionnaire administrated to local communities and stakeholders. The results show that income, education, occupation and cultural beliefs significantly impact water management decisions and practices. Additionally, gender disparities and limited access to water education and awareness programs hinder effective water management strategies to address these challenges. This study contribute to the understanding of socioeconomic and cultural factors influencing water management practices in rural Nigeria and informs policy and practice for sustainable water governance and management.

Climate Change and Drought in Kano and Jigawa States, Nigeria

Abstract

Emissions of greenhouse gases by human activities have been producing climate change. One of the manifestations of climate change is an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events such as drought. This study assesses the impact of climate change on drought events inJigawa and Kano states, Nigeria. Objectives of the study include determining the past and projected (i) drought frequency,and (ii) drought intensity and changes in temperatures in the study area. Historical (1901-2020) and projected (2021-2100) rainfall and temperature data (CMIP6– SSP119 and SSP585) for the study area were downloaded from the World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. The Standardized Precipitation Index characterized the rainfall conditions by drought and non-drought years.The temperature changes were portrayed using annual temperature anomaly. The results indicate comparatively wet conditions from the 1900s to the late 1960s, high drought frequency and intensity in the 1970s and 1980s and low occurrences in the last two decades. SSP119 indicates an increase in drought frequency toward the middle of the century (2021-2050) and a decrease toward the end. SSP585 indicates the opposite. Future increases in temperaturesportend an increase in drought intensity. This could be devastating in the study area because agriculture is the major occupation ofmost of the population. Therefore, it is capable of disrupting the socioeconomic stability of the states.In this area, a holistic approach to climate change adaptation should be vigorously pursued anddrought monitoring should be part of the environmental plan. KEYWORDS: Climate change, drought, drought frequency, drought intensity, standardized precipitation index

IMPACT OF BOREHOLE WATER QUALITY AND WATER POLLUTION INDEX (WPI) ON POULTRY PRODUCTION IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLIS, BORNO STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

Water quality and pollution index were determined for poultry production in Maiduguri Metropolis. Ten poultry farms were sampled in Maiduguri metropolis for water quality analysis. Water samples from 10 boreholes and 10 tanks were collected during wet and dry seasons and analysed in the laboratory for physicochemical and biological parameters. Water Quality Pollution Index (WQPI) was computed using the standard formula and classified as excellent, good quality water, moderately polluted, and highly polluted water based on the scores obtained through interview on poultry production which were recorded and subsequently transcribed. The findings from the study revealed that out of 40 water samples tested, only 12.5% of samples were found in the excellent category, 45% were categorized as good quality water, 27.5% were moderately polluted and 15% sample were categorized as highly polluted. All respondents reported chemical contaminants like pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals can adversely affect poultry performance. Respondents acknowledged the adverse effects of TDS and the corrosion of pipelines and metal tanks. Bacterial contamination can cause digestive disorders, reduced egg production, poor egg quality, including shell abnormalities and discolouration, reduced feed intake, and increased mortality, leading to financial losses for poultry farms. The study established that water sources from DF, AM, UF, and FGF farms are detrimental and unfit for poultry production. The study recommended that appropriate remediation measures should be implemented through installation of water treatment systems or the identification of alternative sources of water for the affected poultry farms. KEYWORDS:Borehole water; Pollution Index; Poultry production; Water contaminants

Review of Clustering Algorithms for Regional Drought Characterisation

Abstract

Drought is characterised by a negative water balance originating from a deficiency of precipitation or a lack of available water resources for an extended period of time. However, drought patterns have become more complicated in recent years due to climate change, and thus there is a need to better understand drought patterns and characteristics. Currently, the main limitations of drought analysis is the lack of ability to classify spatial pattern according to its kind and concomitant regional characteristics. This ability is increasingly important because the effects of drought accumulate slowly over a considerable period of time, and move slowly to adjacent positions. Myriads of scholars have considered clustering techniques as the most common approaches.Findings here unveiled the shortcomings and strength of composite clustering algorithms. It is clear here, that the choice of the cluster algorithm is relative subjective, yet should be bore in mind, that is there is need to explore more than one cluster algorithms in fear of losing microscopic precipitation fact and for the ease of analysis of Spatio temporal phenomena. In recognition of hydrological time series characteristics of trans boundary interference and spatio-temporal variation, where zones or regions that share common boundary may inherit similar hydro-climatic characteristics that seem different from other part of the region. It is imperative, for hydro-climatic researchers to adopt clustering algorithm that reveals the degree of shared characteristics or membership properties, in this hierarchy that is; FCM, PCA,k-means and SOM, for effective water resource planning and management in the phase of climate change. Keywords: drought, cluster, water, homogenous and region

ANALYSIS OF PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY ON RICE YIELD IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE

Abstract

This study analyzes the perceived effects of rainfall variability on rice productions in Lokoja using data on rainfall and rice production from the period of 2013-2022, and data on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of farmers as well as their perception on the effects of rainfall variability. The study was done using a well-structured questionnaire administered in the study area to the 140 selected respondents, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 was utilized to analyze the data. Results showed that rainfall have significant effects on rice production with varied yield based on rainfall fluctuations with as much rice production of about 4269 tonha-1 when precipitation was stable between about 1250– 1350mm, but when less than normal precipitation (<1250mm), it reduced to about 2361 tonha-1.Similarly, the results revealed that when the rainfall amount was highest (1494.6mm), the total rice production was reduced, with cultivated areas having heavy rainfall resulting in flooding. Results further showed that on average 1282mm of rainfall produces 2693 tons of rice in the study years. About 44% of the respondents refuted early rainfall onset affected rice production with months such as June, July, and September in some of the years with high rainfall intensity having adverse effects on rice farming. Similarly, 43% of the respondents noted that high rainfall intensity also limits the amount of land available for cultivation, while 26% noted that it reduces rice yield, while the remaining 31% noted that it destroyed rice stands. Keywords: perceived effects, rainfall variability, rice yield, climatic conditions, precipitation

CLIMATE CHANGE: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY THE FARMERS ON FARMLAND FOOD SECURITY IN KANKARA LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

This research explores some of the strategies employed by the farmers toward the current changing climate in Kankara local government area, Katsina state. The objectives of the study were as follows: to identify the causes of climate change in the study area ,to examine the effect of climate change, to identify the strategies farmers adopted in minimizing the challenges related to climate change on the farmland in Kankara local government area of Katsina state, to examine the farmers’ level of awareness and strategies employed in cushioning the menace, and finally to offer some possible solutions to the problems. The research used structured questionnaires, interviews and observations in the field. 240 questionnaires were administered to the selected number of respondents. The research work used descriptive statistical tools in analyzing the data. The findings indicated that majority of the farmers perceive changes in climate change and their impacts on agriculture, such as drought and desertification. The study recommends promoting climate resilient agricultural plants and providing them with modern and supportive technological know-how, which may improve sustainability of agriculture in the face of the changing climate. Keywords: Climate change, Causes, Effects, Strategies on Farmland for Food Security.

STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF FLOOD VULNERABILITY IN NIGER DELTA REGION

Abstract

The study examined the impacts of flooding on residents of the Niger Delta Region. It employed cross-sectional and descriptive research designs using six from the nine states of the region. A multistage random sampling technique was used to determine the sample frame, followed by simple random sampling to select three communities from each chosen Local Government Area (LGA). A sample size of 500 respondents was served questionnaires. Both primary and secondary data was utilized. This research identified both direct and indirect impacts of flooding, such as the destruction of farmlands, crops, and produce; loss of trees and vegetation; damage to homes; fatalities; loss of domestic and wild animals; destruction of properties and infrastructure; environmental pollution ; health issues and emotional distress; loss of income; and disruption of the school calendar. Conversely, the study also observed benefits of flooding: increased fish stocks, enhanced soil nutrients, and improved navigation between coastal communities. Thus, flooding can potentially benefit agro-businesses and promote wealth creation. The study recommend that governments, agencies, and NGOs provide sustainable relief and assistance following flood events, such as soft loans, agricultural tools and machines, seedlings and fertilizers, building materials, financial grants, and educational resources. It suggests establishing and operationalizing State Emergency Management Agencies (SEMA) and Local Emergency Response Committees (LERC) in all states and L.G.As. Key words: Flooding, Vulnerability, Multistage random sampling, Environmental pollution, Agro-Business

AN ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS OF PIPE-BORNE WATER DEMAND FOR MALUMFASHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

A study for Pipe-Borne Water Demand (PBWD) analysis for Malumfashi Local Government Area (LGA), Katsina State Nigeria was carried out in order to analyze the status of pipe-borne water demand for the LGA from 1991 to 2023. The data for the study was obtained from the officials of the State water Board and National Population Commission (NPC). Methods used for investigation are geometric model for estimating population in the future years, trend-based technique for estimating water demand and Linear Regress Model for estimating the direction of trend. Results obtained indicate that population and water demand are increasing steadily. The trend of water demand was increasing at the rate of 17,245M3/Year and the capacity of the Treatment Water Plant could not meet the pipe-borne water demand of the population. The consequence of this you could see people of the LGA now resort to alternative sources of water supply such as hand-dug wells, water vendors and among others. These predominantly unwholesome sources are variable sources of water borne diseases. The study thus recommended that Water Board should ensure that pipe-borne water supply meets demand of population in order to avert any possible outbreak of water borne-diseases. Key words: Analysis, Status, Pipe-borne, Water Demand, Malumfashi LGA

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOD IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA`S COASTAL REGIONS

Abstract

One common and recurrent natural disaster associated with the coastal region of Nigeria is flooding. The disaster created by flooding is exacerbated by climate change and rising sea levels with huge consequences such as food availability, accessibility, stability and utilization. The impact of flood is profound and multifaceted in the region. Therefore, this study seeks to empirically explore and examine the impact of flooding on food security in the coastal region of Nigeria. Mixed statistical methods of Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) and Geographically Weight Regression (GWR) were utilized to assess the relationship between flooding and food security indicators. Data for the study was collected from the coastal communities in Nigeria affected by flooding over the years. The analysis demonstrated a significant negative impact of flooding on food security in the coastal region of Nigeria. GWR analysis reveals that the severity of food insecurity is more pronounced in communities with lower social economic status and limited adaptive capacities. The study established that the quantitative independent variables are statistically significant using the fitted model. Thus, the study underscores the critical need for targeted intervention to enhance food security in flood affected coastal regions of Nigeria. KEYWORDS:Flooding, Food security, Coastal region, Food prices, Climate change, Empirical study, Agricultural productivity. Sub-theme of the abstract: Climate change, sea level raise and coastal hazards.

VISUAL MODELING IN HYDROLOGY: ENHANCING REAL-TIME FLOOD MANAGEMENT USING FLEXPLOT, LINEAR MODELING, AND MIXED MODELING

Abstract

Effective flood management relies on accurate predictions. Visual modeling techniques play a crucial role in hydrology and water resources management. This study analyzed data from Hydrological Area 8. The analysis employed flexplot, linear modeling, mixed modeling, and generalized linear modeling. The results provide valuable insights into hydrological patterns and trends. Flexplot visualization revealed a significant positive relationship between Kastina and the response variable. Linear modeling identified Kastina (β = 0.464, p < 0.01) and Gusa (β = 0.552, p < 0.01) as significant predictors, while Goroyo showed no significant effect. Mixed modeling confirmed these findings, with Kastina (estimate = 0.267, p < 0.01) and Gusa (estimate = 0.272, p < 0.01) exhibiting significant positive relationships. Generalized linear modeling supported these results, with Kastina (estimate = 0.274, p < 0.01) and Gusa (estimate = 0.313, p < 0.01) showing significant positive effects. Model comparisons confirmed the importance of Kastina and Gusa. The regression analysis yielded significant results, providing insights into the relationships between variables. These findings suggest that Kastina and Gusa are significant predictors, contributing to the variation in the response variable. The results provide valuable insights for engineering applications, highlighting the importance of considering these variables in predictive models. Keywords: Hydrological data, Statistical analysis, Predictive modeling, Hydrological patterns, and Regression analysis

TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING OF LONG-MEMORY DATA: AN APPLICATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

Abstract

This study is designed to develop a hybrid time series model. A statistical model is said to be hybrid if it combines two or more existing models for a better and efficient performance. Our new hybrid model will be used to model time series data such as those generated by climate change and environmental agents. Data generated by climate change and environmental agents are usually not normally distributed hence they are characterised as heavy. Literature showed that quite a number of researchers have studied ARIMAX associated with exogenous covariate (s), using different short-memory frequency data, with little or no strength to capture long memory (high frequency) observations with heavy tailed traits. Having in mind that conventional ARIMAX model has been rarely applied to any of the climate change and environmental agents which are the most cognate agent with associated exogenous variables and are usually characterized by kurtosis, skewness, outliers, long memory (high frequency) and large fluctuation series; this study, therefore, proposes a more robust and sufficient model that would be needed for modeling time series observational data with heavy tailed traits. Keywords: Time, Long-Memory Data, Distributions, Model, Tailed, Traits.

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA: A FOCUS ON FLOODS AND DROUGHTS

Abstract

Climate change presents profound challenges globally, with Nigeria particularly vulnerable to its multifaceted impacts. This review explores the effects of climate change-induced droughts and floods on food security in Nigeria, where agriculture is central to economic stability and livelihoods. It examines how extreme weather events have intensified issues related to food supply, economic resilience, and well-being, underscoring the critical need for adaptive strategies. A systematic review of 2,500 publications, following PRISMA criteria, narrowed the focus to 450 studies, with 104 high-quality studies undergoing in-depth analysis. The findings reveal a growing threat to Nigeria's food security, as frequent flooding destroys infrastructure, erodes topsoil, and reduces agricultural productivity, leading to lower food output and increased costs. Simultaneously, droughts, particularly in the semi-arid north, drastically reduce crop yields and worsen food insecurity by depleting vital water resources. These challenges disproportionately affect smallholder farmers and pastoral communities, waning poverty and hunger. The review highlights the complexity of Nigeria's food insecurity, shaped by factors such as geography, socioeconomic status, and adaptive capacity. Despite advancements in adaptation strategies, issues like fragmented policies and inadequate infrastructure continue to hinder effective responses. However, the review identifies key opportunities to enhance food security and resilience, including greater stakeholder engagement, increased investment in climate adaptation, and the use of digital technologies. By addressing these challenges and leveraging these opportunities, Nigeria can build a more resilient and sustainable food system capable of withstanding the increasing threats posed by climate change. Keywords: Climate Change Impacts, Food Security, Floods and Droughts, Adaptation Strategies, Nigeria

Estimation of Aquifer Hydraulic Characteristics in Basement Terrain in Parts of Batagarawa area, Katsina State Nigeria using Geo-electrical Measurement

Abstract

Geo-electrical survey involving vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out using Schlumberger electrode configuration. The study aimed at estimating the aquifer hydraulic parameters in parts of Batagarawa area, Katsina state. Twenty four (24) VES were carried out. The interpreted and analyzed results reveal three to five geo-electric layers. The aquifer resistivity range from 0.274 to 2580 Ώm while aquifer thickness ranges between 1.25 to 29.5m. The transverse resistance ranges between 0 and 16583 Ώm2. The range of hydraulic conductivity is 0.254– 1292.767 m/day, while the range of transmissivity is 0– 38,136.627 m2/day from the estimated values. The contour maps were drawn using the electrical and hydraulic parameters, and the distribution of the aquifer hydraulic parameters was shown. Low spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity suggests strong homogeneity of the aquifer system. Based on the results, the assessment indicates that there is low groundwater potential in the greater part of the study area particularly western, eastern and slight northern part. Keywords: Aquifer properties; basement terrain; geo-electrical method; hydraulic characteristics.

Temporal Dynamics of Vegetation Health and Land Cover across Borno, Sokoto, Lagos and Rivers States: A Three-Decade Analysis

Abstract

This study investigates the temporal dynamics of vegetation health and land cover across Borno State, Sokoto, Lagos, and Rivers State over a three-decade period from 1990 to 2020 using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data. The NDVI data, obtained from satellite imagery and remote sensing databases, were pre-processed, registered, and classified into distinct land cover classes, including very healthy vegetation, moderately healthy vegetation, unhealthy vegetation, and bare land. Change detection analysis and spatial-temporal analysis techniques were employed to identify and analyze patterns of vegetation health and land cover change over time. The results reveal significant temporal trends and spatial variations in vegetation health and land cover across the study area. In Borno State, rapid land cover change and vegetation degradation were observed, indicating environmental challenges faced by the region. Sokoto exhibited similar trends, with notable shifts in land cover classes over the three decade period. Lagos and Rivers State showed more stable patterns of vegetation health and land cover, albeit with localized areas of change. These findings provide valuable insights into the drivers of land cover change and their implications for ecosystem sustainability and resilience in the study area. The study contributes to our understanding of the impacts of climate change and human activities on vegetation dynamics and land cover transformation in Nigeria, informing evidence-based decision-making and sustainable land management practices. Keywords: NDVI, vegetation health, land cover, change detection, spatial-temporal analysis, Nigeria, climate change, sustainable land management, remote sensing, environmental monitoring

Flood Frequency Analysis Based on Gumbel’s Distribution Method: A Study of Makurdi Catchment of the Benue River, Benue State, Nigeria

Abstract

Flood frequency analysis and prediction are crucial in hydrology, estimating flood probability for water resource infrastructure design and management. This presents result of frequency analysis and prediction of future peak flow of the Benue River using the Gumbel’s distribution method which is one of the probability distribution methods used to model stream flows. The method was used to model the annual maximum discharge of the river from Makurdi hydrological station for a period of 36 years (1988 to 2023). Regression analysis was used to test the suitability of the method, and to predict the future peak discharge for every return period. The R2value obtained (0.978) shows that, Gumbel distribution is suitable for predicting the expected discharge in the study area. The result also revealed that, 2, 20 and 100 years flood with the exceedence probability of 0.5, 0.05, and 0.01, have expected peak flood values of approximately 11528.5, 15354.7 and 17750 meter cube per second respectively. The frequency curve at 95% confidence interval also shows anincreasing trend at progressive recurrence interval, highlighting the potential variability of flood magnitude in the study area. Findings from this study provides useful information for flood risk management in Makurdi and it environ. KEYWORDS: Flood Frequency Analysis, Gumbel’s Distribution Method, Benue River, Makurdi

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Community Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in relation to Diseases in Kano State, Nigeria

Abstract

Climate change has become one of the major issues in the world due to its various effects on the physical, chemical and biological system of the universe. The present research analyses effectiveness of community adaptation strategies to climate change in relation to disease in Kano State. The study utilized 784 questionnaires as an instrument for data collection, this was done through systematic sampling technique. The obtained data inform of Likert scale were analyses using percentages and weighted mean. Results showed that majority (78.6%) of the respondents slept in open space during hot condition, 73.8% slept indoor during cold condition, 67.9% use water storage facility during dry season and 64.7% plant trees, while majority (60.8%) of the respondents do not practice distance sleeping even during hot condition as climate change adaptation strategies against outbreak of disease. The study also revealed that sleeping indoors during cold condition with mean value of 3.87 is the most effective adaptation strategy to climate related diseases in the study area, this was followed by planting of trees with 3.73 while sleeping with distances between people with the mean value of 2.87 is not an adaptation strategy in the study area. The study concluded that people in the study area practice climate change adaptation strategies in relation to diseases. Therefore, the study recommended planting of trees as one of the most effective climate change adaptation strategies in relation to disease. Keywords:- Climate change, Disease, Community, Adaptation, Strategies

The use of GIS and remote sensing in Land Suitability Classification for Groundnut Production in Katsina State, Northwest, Nigeria.

Abstract

Land suitability is a function of crop requirement and soil characteristics. It is a prerequisite for sustainable agricultural practices. This paper briefly presents the land suitability for Groundnut production. The analysis of the data collected for both climatic elements such as rainfall and temperature, physical and chemical characteristics of soil was obtained through the use of descriptive statistics using SAS of 9.4 version software. The distribution map of each of the soil properties was generated in ArcGIS. The suitability for Groundnut cultivation in Katsina shows that rainfall, elevation, temperature, drainage, erosion, soil depth, pH, OC, OM, and Phosphorus are found within the acceptable suitable class, while those found below average are CEC, TN, EC and ESP. Land suitability class S1 (highly suitable) covers 1328.40 ha which is about 21.19% of the study area; land suitability S2 (moderately suitable) covers 1098 ha, representing 17.53% of the total study area, while land suitability class S3 covers 1767 ha occupies about 28.19% of total area. Furthermore, the N1 (potentially not suitable) class occupies about 851.33ha which take the portion of 13.58%, while the last suitability class N2 (potentially and actually not suitable) is covering about 1223.08 ha which is about 19.51%, and these are areas that scored below average of Groundnut requirement. This land (N2) is affected generally by poor scenery, rock outcrop, complex texture as well as infertile soil. Keywords: Remote sensing, Land suitability, Spatial variability, Sustainable Agriculture, GIS

Growth and Yield of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) under Solar-powered Smart and Manual Drip Irrigation Systems in Mokwa, Nigeria.

Abstract

Two drip systems (manual and intelligent) were designed and installed, and garden eggs irrigated under each of them. For the intelligent system, sensors connected to Arduino Micro Controller were used to accomplish the task of irrigation scheduling, while in the manual, human being monitor the behavior of the plants, and irrigate based on the design scheduled. Preliminary soil test revealed that soil of the area is sandy loam with a pH of 6.80.Systems efficiencies were determined as88.40 and 89.3% respectively for manual and intelligent. The eggplant under the intelligent system responds and yield better (7 fruits per stand at a time, with an average weight of 6g per fruit).Total volume of water used throughout the growth period by each eggplant from the intelligent and manual systems was approximately 47 and 70 liters respectively. The irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) determined for the intelligent and manual plots were respectively 89% and 44.3%. In all, the intelligent system saves more water than the manual, the intelligent system is therefore encouraged. Keywords: Arduino, Drip Irrigation, Micro-controller, Irrigation Scheduling, Irrigation water use.

PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF THE EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION IN APA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

The study was conducted to evaluate the public perception of the effect of deforestation in Apa Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to assess the public perception on the risk of deforestation in the area. Structured questionnaire and Key Informants Interview (KII) were used to collect primary data for the study. Six council wards were purposively selected for the study; 146 household were selected using systematic sampling technique to administer the questionnaire. The data were analyzed and presented using descriptive statistics. The results show that majority of the respondents perceived that extinction of indigenous trees are the most noticeable effects of deforestation. The results further indicate that logging is predominantly the causes of deforestation in the area. The study further discovered that awareness on environmental education should be the appropriate strategies to curb deforestation practices; massive awareness campaign leading to forest life support, preservation of flora and fauna diversities and sustainable use of biological resources ecosystem. Based on the findings, the study recommended that since logging and agricultural activities were identified as the primary cause of deforestation, Government and NGOs through extension agents should educate farmers to adopt system that bolster sustainable conservation leading to forest and environmental protection. Keywords: Deforestation; Effect; Environment and Perception.

IMPACT OF WATER SCARCITY IN SELECTED VILLAGES OF APA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

Abstract Water scarcity is a global issue, including villages within Apa Local Government Area of Benue State. This problem has a significant impact on the daily lives of the region, as well as the overall development and sustainability of the community. The lack of access to potable water and proper sanitation facilities has resulted into various health problems, impeding the villagers' ability to live productive lives. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of water scarcity in selected villages within Apa Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Three hundred and eighty-two respondents were purposively selected for the study. Questionnaire survey and focus group discussion was administered on the sampled respondents. Through a thorough analysis of data collected from surveys and interviews with the villagers, this study aims to highlight the extent of the scarcity and its implications. Additionally, potential solutions to address this problem was also explored. The findings revealed that water scarcity has greatly affected the daily lives of the villagers. It has not only resulted in various health problems, but also caused a decline in agricultural productivity which is the main source of livelihood for many villagers. Furthermore, this study also shed light on the underlying reasons for water scarcity in these villages. Factors such as inadequate infrastructure, climate change, and population growth have been identified as major contributors to the problem. These findings highlighted the need for immediate action to address water scarcity in these villages. Based on these findings, the study recommends the implementation of various measures such as improving infrastructure, implementing water conservation methods, and promoting community involvement in water management. Keyword: Drinking water; Water scarcity; Health problem

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES: URBAN RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

Urban resilience in the face of climate change is a critical concern for Katsina State, a region in Northern Nigeria facing significant environmental and socio-economic challenges. This study explores the adaptive capacities and vulnerabilities of Katsina urban centers to climate change as they confront increasing climate variability, including extreme heat, unpredictable rainfall patterns, and frequent agricultural droughts. It assesses how urban infrastructure, governance, and community practices can be leveraged to enhance resilience against these climate-induced stresses. The research highlights the current state of urban resilience in Katsina, identifying gaps in infrastructure, policies, and community engagement that undermine effective climate adaptation. Through a combination of field surveys, stakeholder interviews, and analysis of local policies, the study proposes strategic interventions to strengthen urban resilience. These include enhancing green infrastructure, improving water management systems, and fostering inclusive governance frameworks that engage local communities in climate action. By advancing these measures, Katsina can better prepare its urban centers to withstand and recover from the adverse impacts of climate change, ensuring sustainable development and improved quality of life for its residents. Keywords: Adaptive capacities, Climate change, Resilience, Vulnerabilities, Water management

EFFECT OF FLOOD ON AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN SABON-BIRNI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, SOKOTO STATE

Abstract

This study examines the effect of flooding on agricultural output in Sabon Birni local government area of Sokoto state. Several questionnaires were designed and administered to the farmer in selected wards, because the settlements are experiencing flooding annually. The results show that flooding has significant negative impact on crop yields, livestock production, and agricultural productivity. The flood resulted in the destruction of crops, livestock, and agricultural infrastructure, leading to a significant decline in agricultural output. The study also found that the flood displaced farmers, disrupted agricultural supply chains, and increase food prices. The overall impact of the flood was a significant decline in the live hoods of farmers and rural communities in Sabon Birni Local Government. The study recommends measures to mitigate the effects of flooding on agriculture, including the development of flood-resistant crops, improve irrigation systems and emergency preparedness plans Keywords: Flood, Agricultural Output, Sabon Birni Local Government, Crop Yields, Livestock production, Agricultural Productivity

EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUIFER VULNERABILITY TO SEAWATER INTRUSION USING GIS BASED GALDIT DEPENDENT MODEL IN APAPA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

Saltwater intrusion is a global phenomenon which threatens freshwater aquifer and thereby make it difficult in the coastal environment to tap freshwater for sustainable groundwater exploitation and management. Lagos State has witnessed a tremendous population growth and rapid urbanization, which in turn has culminated into over-abstraction of groundwater resources, thereby making the coastal aquifers vulnerable to seawater intrusion owing to the nearness of the boreholes to the sea-shore. A GIS GALDIT dependent index, consisting of six (6) hydrological, hydrogeological and geomorphological parameters, based on assigning weights and ranges, has been used to assess the vulnerability of the coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion in Apapa area of Lagos State. The method involved obtaining GALDIT parameters and Index scores for all the boreholes and classifying the boreholes into vulnerability classes of high, low and moderate vulnerability. In this study, a total of ten (10) boreholes were assessed. The GALDIT Index obtained ranged from 6- 6.5, which implied moderate vulnerability class. The results indicated that all the boreholes were moderately vulnerable to saltwater. This might be due to distance of the boreholes to the sea shore and consequent migration of saltwater into the coastal aquifers. The distance of the boreholes to the seashore ranged from 16 to 331m and the average distance of the boreholes to the seashore was 200m .It can be concluded from the study that Apapa has been affected by saltwater intrusion from the adjoining sea, which makes any boreholes located in the area vulnerable. Keywords: GALDIT Index, Vulnerability, Coastal aquifer, Groundwater, Seawater intrusion

Extraction of Water Depth and Surface Water Area Variations Analysis using Landsat Satellite Imageries and Statistical tools: A case of Zobe Dam, Nigeria

Abstract

A repeatable and reliable procedure to determine the water depth, surface water area, and storage capacity of a Dam’s reservoir is needed for effective utilization and sustainable management of a Dam. The conventional approaches to mapping bathymetry are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and require huge capital investment. These problems constitute a setback, particularly in low budget and low-accuracy projects, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. The conventional hydrography survey methods can now be determined using the emerging Satellite Remote Sensing techniques. Lamentably most of the models developed for this approach are based on tidal waters environs, and the comprehensive use of the approach to study Nigeria’s Dams and inland water bodies remains less explored. This paper attempts to use a modified rotation transformation matrix model of Van Hengel and Spitzer (1991) in a non-tidal environment to study the water depth and surface water area variation of the Zobe Dam from 1986 to 2022. This study demonstrated that, with a few modifications, it is possible to use the model in a non-tidal water environment. The study also confirmed the alarming decreasing trends of the water depth and the overtime surface ware area variations of Zobe Dam. The study's results have some policy, operational, and managerial implications. Therefore, the government and organizations responsible for water resource management are encouraged to take advantage of the remote sensing technology as an alternate window for monitoring the water status of the Dams. Key Words: Surface water area, Water Depth, Remotes Sensing, Bathymetry Survey, Satellite imageries, Landsat and Zobe Dam

Assessing the Spatio-Temporal dynamics of the Shoreline Change Process in Parts of the Lake Chad Environs using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS)

Abstract

Lake Chad, classified as one of the world's most important agricultural heritage sites, has over the past years been reported to have seriously shrunken due to several anthropogenic activities and natural factors. This results in serious modifications of its hydrological conditions especially its shorelines and spatial extents. Shoreline change refers to the loss or gain of land area or changes to the landscape at the intersection region of the land and water bodies. Lamentably for Lake Chad there is little or absence of clear identification of areas of greatest shoreline change for prioritizing resource allocation for management and protection solutions. Consequently past regulatory frameworks initiated by respective governments of the countries of Lake Chad have failed to sustainably address the underlying factors and mitigate the effects of these changes. To identify areas of great shoreline changes, this study examined the 1991- 2021 dynamics of the Lake’s Shoreline along the Nigeria boundary using Landsat imageries obtained from the USGS Website and Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tools. The findings revealed a total decrease of 13.619 km, and an average annual decrease of 3.405 km in distances, with accretion rates dominating approximately 88.53%, while erosion accounted for 11.47%. Areas of Baga, and WulgoMamaduro, are experiencing accretion while Wulgo Mamaduro to Balangua region witnessed the highest erosion rates. These results will help in the identification of vulnerable areas, guide the selection of suitable sites for the establishment of monitoring programs, and for the development of sustainable strategic plans for the lake's shorelines management. Keywords: Shoreline, Lake Chad, Landsat, Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS)

A Brief Look into Water Resources Management and Ecosystem Health for Water and Food Security

Abstract

Water and food security are worldwide objectives linked to healthy ecosystems that provide clean water and food. Human activities are progressively jeopardizing this equilibrium, affecting both resilience and sustainability. Ecosystem health and water resource management are linked, as ecosystems maintains water quantity and quality. However, urbanization, agriculture, industry and climate change are all inflicting considerable harm to ecosystems and altering hydrological processes. This review aims to explore the complex relationship between ecosystem health and water resource management and to highlight effective management practices and challenges. The review employs a comprehensive literature review, thematic analysis, and a thorough evaluation of case studies. Human activities such as urbanization, agriculture, industry, and climate change have a significant impact on ecosystems and hydrological processes. The review reveals how these activities endanger water quality and quantity, compromising resilience and sustainability. Case studies highlight the importance of protecting water resources and restoring degraded ecosystems to ensure water and food security. Effective strategies for mitigating the negative effects on ecosystems and water resources are identified, along with challenges in integrated water resource management. The paper emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, adaptive management, and ecosystem-based approaches to improving water and food security. It promotes climate-smart agriculture and fair access to resources as critical components of a resilient and safe future. Future prospects and existing efforts are highlighted to emphasize the importance of these techniques in dealing with ongoing and upcoming difficulties. Keywords: Water resources management, ecosystems health, food security, climate change, water security.

Assessment of the Awareness of Primary School Pupil’s on the Impact of Flooding in Ouagadougou

Abstract

The study assessed the level of knowledge of primary school pupils in the Ouagagadougou municipality about the impacts of flooding. In a context marked by an intensification of the impacts of the phenomena resulting from climate change and low levels of formal education, the aim of this article is to assess pupils' knowledge of flood impact prevention and risk management. Furthermore, it assessed pupils' understanding of the impacts of flooding, including the loss of life, animals and property, the risks to their safety, the disruption to daily life and the environmental impact. To achieve this, we developed a questionnaire adapted to the level of the pupils. The questions cover the definition, causes and impacts of flooding, as well as pupils' vulnerability to the effects of flooding, their level of training and awareness of disaster risk reduction. The questionnaire was developed on the KoboToolbox platform and deployed on smartphones using the KoboCollect application. A total of 387 pupils were surveyed, including 193 boys and 194 girls. The classes surveyed were year 4, year 5 and year6. Analysis of the pupils' results shows that they have a vague but very accurate knowledge of the definition, causes and impacts of flooding. For 95%. 76.44% and 98% respectively answered correctly to the definition, causes and impacts of flooding. These results bear witness to school initiatives to raise awareness of disaster risks. However, this work shows that the authorities must not only raise awareness but also integrate disaster risk reduction into the curriculum in order to prepare future generations to mitigate the effects of disasters. Key words: Raising awareness, Impact of flooding, Pupils, Primary school, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

FLOODING CHALLENGES ON FOOD SECURITY AND COPING STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITIES AT SOME FLOOD PRONE AREAS OF BENUE STATE

Abstract

Flooding is one of the most common and destructive natural disasters which are getting worse due to climate change. Annually, during the peak of rainy season, communities close to rivers overflow their banks; destroying farmlands, aquatic farms, properties, infrastructural facilities and displacing thousands of residents, and businesses, thereby creating acute food insecurity and significant damages and disruptions in flood prone areas in Benue State. Despite this ugly reoccurring scenario, little is known about the coping strategies used by the residents when flooding occurs. Using mixed method, this article examines the coping strategies employed by households in Makurdi, Katsina- Ala, Guma and LGAs. 450 heads of households residing in these affected LGAs were systematically selected to fill in questionnaires, while key informants comprising of chiefs and representatives of flood management institutions were chosen for in depth intervals. The findings reveals that the commonest coping strategies adapted were: temporary vacation of homes, transfer of relevant properties to neighbors and building of flood culverts and drainage channels. The study then recommends among other measures that, government should take proactive steps on adequate land use and watershed planning and there should be structural flood mitigation with physical structures. Keywords: Flooding Challenges, Food Security, Coping Strategies, Benue State.

FLOODING: CAUSATIVE FACTORS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN AKURE, NIGERIA

Abstract

Flooding is a natural environmental disaster that can be worsened by uncontrolled human development. In Nigeria, floods have caused significant damage including loss of life, building collapses, property destruction, harm to agricultural produce, land loss and increased government spending. This paper focused on the causative factors and preventive measures of flood in Akure. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. Primary data were sourced through structured questionnaires while secondary data were sourced from literatures on flooding. A total of three hundred questionnaires were administered to the respondents in the study area randomly. Data collected were analysed through the use of descriptive statistical analysis. The study revealed that heavy rainfall, impervious urban surface, inadequate drainage systems, dumping of refuse in drains and drainage paths, lack of pre-flooding warning and increase in development are causes of flooding in the study area. Preventive measures for flooding were proper dumping of refuse, proper land use planning, reduction in concretization of urban surface, empowerment of government agencies to monitor residential and commercial building construction. The study recommends environmental appropriate environmental laws that will restrict indiscriminate refuse disposal into the water body and sponsoring of public awareness and educative programs on how man’s activities has contributed to flood occurrence, repair and construction of drainage system should also be sponsored by the government at various level and appropriate response techniques in mitigating flooding via implementation of flood control policies. Keywords: Flood, Environment, Development, Causative factors, Preventive measures Sub-Theme: Flood prediction, forecasting, risk management and food security

A Note on Dry Season Rainstorm Characteristics (1952– 1982) over Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract

This study is an attempt to investigate the variabilities in the dry season rainstorm characteristics in Ibadan. Daily rainstorms data, particularly rainstorm events, duration and rainfall amount recorded in Ibadan during dry season between 1952 and 1982 were collected. Data collected were aggregated on monthly, annual and seasonal bases. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired sample t-test, and correlation analysis, at p≤0.05. The results among others showed that 295 rainstorms were recorded during dry season, with an average duration of 1 hour and close to 95% lasted less than two hours. The rains that accompanied the dry season rainstorms in Ibadan varied a great deal. Rainfall decreases from 125.8 mm (1976) to 12.8 mm (1982). About 9.7% of rainstorms gave less than 30 mm of rainfall; 74.2% yielded rainfall amounts of between 31.0 and 90.0 mm. Over 12% of the rainfalls were between 91.0 mm and 120 mm. Only about 3.2% of the rainfall was greater than 120 mm during dry season rainstorm events. There was significant difference between mean duration and rainfall amount (p=0.000). There was a relationship between rainstorm characteristics. In fact, the correlation coefficient produced between the rainstorm events, duration and rainfall amount showed that, duration ( .041) and rainfall amount (-.557) relatedinversely with the incidence of rainstorms. The correlation statistics further revealed that there was significant correlation between the duration and rainfall amount (.027).The results could serve as the backbone for urban, agricultural and disaster planning, all of which help to sustain man’s livelihood. Keywords: Daily Rainfall, Dry Season, Rainstorm Characteristics, Rainstorm duration, Rainfall Amount, Ibadan.

A REVIEW ON LEVERAGING OF TECHNOLOGY TO SUSTAINABLE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Abstract

The increasing demand of clean water globally has been a major problem confronting water experts saddled with the responsibility of meeting the daily global water demand. Environmental challenges also poses danger in sustainability of water quality, making it necessary to develop strategies and innovative approaches to combat such. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being recognized as a powerful tool in the field of sustainable water quality management, presenting significant progress in monitoring, forecasting, and decision-making procedures. This research explores the diverse use of Artificial Intelligence in improving water quality management and its sustainability. It examined the fusion of AI with real-time monitoring systems and remote sensing technologies, which furnish continuous and extensive data on a variety of water quality characteristics. The predictive models provide insights into future water quality scenarios, supporting proactive management strategies and risk assessment. Decision support systems, rooted in AI, enabled efficient and cost-efficient management strategies, while simultaneously involving the public through interactive platforms that raise awareness and encourage engagement. Despite the promising advantages, challenges such as data quality, technical complexity, high implementation costs, and ethical issues, need to be addressed to fully harness AI's potential. This review emphasized the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, capacity building, and the establishment of ethical frameworks for a responsible and fair application of AI in water quality management. Critically assessing current advancements, restrictions, and future pathways, this analysis underscores the capability of AI to transform sustainable water quality management, ensuring the protection and endurance of crucial water resources for forthcoming generations. KEYWORDS:Sustainability, Artificial Intelligence, Predictive, Risk, Transform

GIS and Machine Learning Approaches in Flood Hazard Mapping: A Case Study of Lower Niger River Basin

Abstract

Flooding is a recurrent and destructive natural disaster intensified by elements such as extreme rainfall, urbanization, climate change, topography, and human activities. This study primarily aims to integrate Geographic Information System (GIS) and Machine Learning (ML)techniques in flood hazard mapping in the lower Niger River basin in Nigeria .Twenty flood influencing factors including elevation, slope, aspect, flow direction, flow accumulation, drainage density, distance from river, plan curvature, profile curvature, roughness, topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index (SPI), sediment transport index (STI), normalized difference 15 vegetation index(NDVI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), land use/land cover LULC), soil, geology, temperature, and rainfall, were considered and analyzed within the GIS framework. The Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost) model was applied to generate the flood hazard zones within the study area. Based on historical flood events within the study area, 1164 flooded and non-flooded points were identified and utilized to train and test the model. The ML model achieved high accuracy of 0.905(90.5%), and an ROC-AUC score of 0.88. The generated flood susceptibility map indicated that 4.67%, 4.98%, 10.31%, 11.13%, and 68.91% of the basin are respectively at very high, high, moderate, low, and very low risk of flooding. The successful integration of GIS with machine learning validates the potential to improve flood hazard prediction and mitigation efforts in the Niger River basin and other similar flooding environments in Nigeria. Keywords: Flood Hazard Mapping, Geographic Information System, Machine Learning, XGBoost, Niger River Basin

Impact of Sediment and Water Heavy Metal Concentrations on Fish Bioaccumulation in Hadejia River, Nigeria

Abstract

Human-induced pollution in aquatic environments, particularly from metals, poses a significant threat to fish and other aquatic organisms, leading to chronic stress and long term ecological damage. This study assessed the bioaccumulation levels of heavy metals (chromium, nickel, copper, lead, cadmium, and zinc) in the sediments, water, and liver of catfish (Clarias anguillaris) and tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from the Hadejia River. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and standard analytical methods, heavy metal concentrations data were measured and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significant differences. The results revealed that heavy metals, particularly chromium, copper, and nickel, are concentrated at higher levels in the liver of C. anguillaris compared to O. niloticus. In sediments, the order of heavy metal accumulation was Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni, while in water, it was Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) showed that C. anguillaris absorbed higher levels of heavy metals from both sediments and water compared to O. niloticus. The findings highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring of the Hadejia River to address potential health risks, as the buildup of heavy metals in aquatic organism (fish) can pose significant long term health threats. Keywords: Bioaccumulation; environmental monitoring; heavy metals; sediment

Effect of Fuel Station Distances on Groundwater Pollution and its Quality for Domestic Uses in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria

Abstract

The research assessed groundwater quality around fuel stations in Makurdi metropolis, Benue State Nigeria. The study ascertained the possibility of fuel station polluting groundwater sources as tanks are buried underground. Water samples were collected from twelve hand dug wells for analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Colour, Temperature, TDS, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, and Electrical Conductivity. Both field and laboratory analyses were done using standard methods. Result of the analyses showed that the colour averaged 4.7HU, mean temperature was 23.5°C, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 0.65 mg/l, turbidity was 9.8NTU. The result of chemical analyses had pH concentration of 6.58, Iron 3.0 mg/l while Zinc had a negative mean of-0.23 mg/l, Lead 0.56 mg/l, Copper 0.30 mg/l, Cadmium and Chromium had a mean of-0.1 and 0.5mg/l respectively, and electrical conductivity 713.6 ms/cm,. The total bacteria count was 290MPN/100ml. Distances of wells from the fuel stations averaged 364.9m while the mean depth of wells was 6.2m. The multiple correlation analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between depth of wells around the fuel station and the concentration of pollution level of all Wells. All the waters are slightly acidic, because all pH concentrations were high, Iron and Lead concentrations were high in some newer wells, hence they constitute health risks. The study concluded that with time groundwater may be highly polluted. It is recommended that, regulations and public awareness on operations, and health implications of siting distances of fuel stations to the groundwater sources must be given a priority. Keywords: Groundwater, Wells, Fuel station, Petroleum, Pollution, Water quality.

Characteristics of Soils of Iwogban Gully in Edo State and their Implications for Household Food Security

Abstract

Land degradation through soil erosion which is a global threat has negatively affected the functioning of the ecosystem through various means such as provision of food. Soil erosion is one of the major causes of land degradation in Edo State particularly in Ikpoba Okha LGA. This study characterizes the soils of Iwogban catchment, a major gully erosion site, and how it has impacted home gardening which is way of maintaining household food security.Using different hydrologic and edaphic parameters such as rainfall intensity, soil erodibility and soil physical properties, the rate of land degradation within the catchment between April and November, 2023 were determined. The summary of the results show that the soil of the catchment is mainly characterized by sand (59.5%), silt (19.61%), clay (20%) and occasional gravel (1%), with the soil lyingbelow the “A line” in the plasticity index chart, based on the unified soil classification system. This indicates that the soil has a tendency to be eroded by water which is a major agent of weathering. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that control measures such as the use of sandbags, local drainage channelization and cover crop planting can be adopted. This will help to prevent further gully expansion and loss of land that can be used for agricultural productivity in the study area. Keywords: Rainfall intensity; Soil erosion; Soil erodibility; Land degradation; Food security

Climate Change, Trends of Wet Spells and Flooding Implication in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria

Abstract

Climate change is impacting on all rainfall derived parameters. For this study on climate change, trends of wet spells and flooding implication in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria; daily rainfall data for Lokoja, 1951-2020 were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet), Abuja and analysed using R code, non-parametric test such as Mann-Kendall statistical test as well as Sen’s slope technique. Results showed general downward trends in mean wet spells with 2-day and total wet spells having-0.014285714 each, while 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14-day mean wet spells having normal condition. Different magnitudes of trends were detected with the magnitude of >0 recording 8 (highest), =0 was 0 (lowest) and <0 was 3. The overall gradient estimator showed positive from January-August with June having the highest value of 3.0857 and January, the lowest (0.0143). September-November had negative value with September having the highest negative value of-7.7429 and November having lowest of-0.0571. This study concluded that, climate change was real and had impacted on the mean wet spells negatively. The following suggestions were made: the general public should be adequately informed on the concept of climate change, both adaptation and mitigation measures should be adopted to combat the impact of climate change, drainages should be cleared regularly to avert urban flooding; and forecast of wet spells should be incorporated into the Seasonal Climate Prediction (SCP) and daily weather forecast by NiMet. Key words:Climate change, flooding, rainfall, trends, wet spells

IMPACT OF HADEJIA VALLEY IRRIGATION PROJECT (HVIP) ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS OF BENEFICIARIES AND NON-BENEFICIARIES, IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

The study assessed the impact of Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project on rural livelihoods in Jigawa State, Nigeria. The major objective of this study was to examine the impact of the project on cropped area under irrigation activities of the beneficiaries in the study area. Out of a list of 7036 respondents 207 beneficiaries and 146 non-beneficiaries were selected using a multi-stage random sampling making a total of 353. Data were obtained using structured questionnaire. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation. The results showed that beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries had a mean age of 47 and 45 years, a mean household size of 15 and 21, educational levels of 8 and 7 years and off-farm income that ranged from a mean of ₦137,797.00 and ₦237,104.00. It revealed a mean of 30 and 24 years of irrigation farming experience, farm sizes of 3.2 and 2.1 hectares, ₦33,641.00 and ₦ 55,709.00 spent in hiring labour, farm distance of 3 and 0.9 kilometers, 5 and 3 extension visits per season, a mean of ₦52,771.00 and ₦50,205.00, ₦50,205.68 and ₦32,422.33 as credit and subsidy. Membership of cooperative associations indicated a mean of 0.8 and 0.5. The results show that linking beneficiaries’ lower and middle quintiles of asset indices there was a rank order relationship and no rank order relationship connecting lower and higher; middle and higher quintiles of asset indices between the variables in the population represented in the sample. Therefore, from the results it was concluded that the Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project(HVIP) contributed to livelihoods of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in the study area. It was recommended that the studied homes had a mean of 15 and 21 people, therefore, the government should increase efforts in family planning through birth control. Key words: Irrigation, Households, beneficiaries, non-beneficiaries, rural livelihoods and Farm assistants

EFFECTS OF FLOOD RISK ON AGRICULTURAL FARMLANDS IN KOFAR KONA ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

The study examined the effects of flood risk on Agricultural Farmlands in Kofar Kona area of Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. It identifies both natural and human-induced causes of flooding, such as heavy rainfall, poor drainage systems and blockage of water culverts. Data was collected using Kobo collect tool. A total of 120 copies of questionnaire were used as sample size for the study but only 115 copies were retrieved. Result showed that the most significant natural cause of flooding in the area is heavy rainfall as indicated by 51%. The findings reveal significant impacts on agricultural productivity, including the loss of farmland, soil nutrients, and agricultural produce, which contributes to food insecurity and economic losses in the region. The study also identifies coping strategies used by local farmers, such as early warning systems and the construction of flood barriers. Recommendations include the integration of digital early warning systems, improved drainage infrastructure and sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate the impact of flooding on farmlands. This research fills a gap in the literature by specifically assessing flooding's effects on farmlands in the Kofar Kona area and offers practical recommendations for policy and planning. Keywords: Floods, Farmlands, Agriculture, Kofar Kona & Zaria.

Characteristics of Soils of Iwogban Gully in Edo State and their Implications for Household Food Security

Abstract

Land degradation through soil erosion which is a global threat has negatively affected the functioning of the ecosystem through various means such as provision of food. Soil erosion is one of the major causes of land degradation in Edo State particularly in Ikpoba Okha LGA. This study characterizes the soils of Iwogban catchment, a major gully erosion site, and how it has impacted home gardening which is way of maintaining household food security.Using different hydrologic and edaphic parameters such as rainfall intensity, soil erodibility and soil physical properties, the rate of land degradation within the catchment between April and November, 2023 were determined. The summary of the results show that the soil of the catchment is mainly characterized by sand (59.5%), silt (19.61%), clay (20%) and occasional gravel (1%), with the soil lyingbelow the “A line” in the plasticity index chart, based on the unified soil classification system. This indicates that the soil has a tendency to be eroded by water which is a major agent of weathering. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that control measures such as the use of sandbags, local drainage channelization and cover crop planting can be adopted. This will help to prevent further gully expansion and loss of land that can be used for agricultural productivity in the study area. Keywords: Rainfall intensity; Soil erosion; Soil erodibility; Land degradation; Food security

ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL AND GROWTH INDICES OF CAYENNE PEPPER (NHSMB-F4) UNDER OPTIMAL AND LIMITED WATER SUPPLY REGIMES IN ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA

Abstract

Thermal indices are veritable tools to summarize thermal stress effects on plant growth and yield. This study assessed thermal and growth indices of screenhouse grown pepper under optimal (everyday-T1) and limited water supply regimes (3, 5 and 7 days; T2, T3 and T4 respectively). The study is a factorial experiment in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) in three replicates. The pepper specie used was Cayenne pepper. Data were collected on the soil, thermal indices: such as Growing Degree Days (GDD), growth parameters (Plant height), phenological events (Days to First Flowering- (DFFL) and Fruit yield. Data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics (analysis of variance). Treatments means were separated using Least Significance Difference (LSD) at 95 % confidence level. Results of GDD varietal performance under T2 showed that Cayenne pepper accumulated highest GDD (784 °C/day) followed by T4 (495 °C/day) and the least value was observed under T3 (452 °C/day). The GDD values under T2, T3 and T4 were not significantly different (p>0.05) from those obtained under optimal water supply regime (T1). Cayenne pepper plant height under T2 was consistently higher than those under T3 and T4. Phenologically, Cayenne pepper under T3 showed the shortest DFFL. The yield of T2 and T3 were in order of Cayenne pepper (46 and 34 g/pot). The study concluded that, cultivation of Cayenne pepper adapted well to limited water supply regimes of 3, 5 and 7 days without negative effects on the growth and yield in the screenhouse. Keywords: Cayenne pepper, Screenhouse, Thermal Indices, Growth Indices, water supply regimes

Exploring the Prevalence of Flooding and the Drivers of Flood Risk in Jigawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

Jigawa State faces annual flood disasters that have led to substantial loss of life and property, putting many communities at risk. This study aims to evaluate the perceived factors causing flood risk in Jigawa State, Nigeria, a sample of 666 respondents was chosen for a questionnaire that was self-administered, with 601 responses fully completed. The gathered data were analyzed using descriptive methods to determine the frequency of flood and relative important index for perceived factors causing flood. Findings revealed the current trend in the frequency of flood was on the increase, and the year 2012(59%) 2018(61%), 2022(58%) and 2023(60%) marked the worst with floods occurring four times. Results also revealed that, duration of water stay after flood can at least last from 0-24 (0.33%) and at most from 7-10 days before it recedes. Findings further revealed that the major cause of flood were heavy rains (with RII of 4.890), overflow of river/stream with RII of 4.866, Man-made factors were discovered to include: deforestation (with RII of 4.389) and lack of flood embankment, (with RII of 4. 316). Floods in the study area is usually naturally caused, but it becomes a disaster due to some human induced factors. It was advised to establish adequate embankment protection and water regulation outlets. Furthermore, the development of real-time flood prediction or forecasting and efficient early warning systems was recommended. Communities should also be evaluated to identify flood-prone areas prior to any construction activities or alternatively, resettlement to safer areas should be considered for those living in flood-prone regions.

Effect of Poor Urban Planning and Ineffective Development Control on Flooding in Katsina-Ala Town of Benue State, Nigeria.

Abstract

The study examines the effect of poor urban planning and ineffective development control on flooding in Katsina-Ala town, Benue State. The research employed a mixed methods design in which qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Secondary data from Benue state urban development board on master plan and development control standards/measures as well as development permits were used. Primary data was collected through field observations, interviews and questionnaire administration. The field survey employed purposive non-probability sampling techniques where five residential zones that were affected by the disaster within the study area were selected for questionnaire administration to test the three null hypotheses formulated. The respondents for the survey were selected randomly from five residential zones affected by recurrent flooding. Fifty respondents were selected from each of the five (5) sampled settlement zones given a sample size of 250 respondents. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study revealed that the recurrent flooding in Katsina-Ala town is occasioned by poor urban development and ineffective development control and has significant socio-economic effect on the lives of the inhabitants and also has significant effect on the environmental condition of the inhabitants. The study recommends among others integration of flood risk assessment into the planning process, enforcement of strict zoning laws that limit construction in vulnerable areas and encouragement of community participation in the planning process. Key words: Poor Urban Planning, Ineffective Development, Flooding, Risk Assessment, Environmental Management

Dams Utilization Analysis and Potentials to Enhance Irrigated Agriculture in Kano State, Nigeria

Abstract

This paper explores the utilization level of the Tiga and Challawa Gorge dams and examineswhether these dams are been utilized effectively. The analysis employs a reservoir mass balance model to simulate dam operation using the monthly historical and hypothetical datasets for 10 years. The results revealed that the dams have been grossly underutilized with an average total historic annual yield of 1,800 Mm3 and a spill of 1,554 Mm3. When the releases were hypothetically increased without stressing the reservoir to failure, the average annual yield improved to 4,025 Mm3and the spill reduced to 489 Mm3. This produced a corresponding percentage increase in annual yield of 124% (2,225 Mm3) and a percentage reduction in annual spills of 69%. The 30% of 2,225 Mm3 (668 Mm3) can be used for domestic water supply to 12 million people annually. Meanwhile, 70% (1,557 Mm3) canbe used to irrigate an additional land of more than 95,000 Ha, which was estimated to generate economic returns of nearly 550 Billion Naira. This will immensely contribute to the economy of Kano State, thereby improving social well-being, food security and sustainable coexistence. Keywords: Dam water utilization, Irrigated agriculture, Water supply, Kano State, Nigeria

INVESTIGATION OF DRIP IRRIGATION WITH FERTIGATION FOR ENHANCING CUCUMBER YIELD IN UZO-UWANI ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

This study compares the effectiveness of three agricultural methods on cucumber growth and yield: chemical fertilizers, fish water through fertigation, and traditional farming with manure. Conducted over a specific period, each method was applied to separate plots of cucumber plants, with measurements taken for plant height, leaf area, fruit size, and overall yield. The results showed that the fertigation method using fish water produced the highest growth rates and yields, attributed to the rich nutrients in fish water, which enhance leaf area, foliage health, and fruit size. Traditional farming with manure also yielded positive results, though slightly lower than fertigation, indicating the value of organic practices. In contrast, the chemical fertilizer method resulted in decent growth but lagged in overall plant health and yield compared to the other two methods. This suggests that while chemical fertilizers can promote growth, they may lack the holistic benefits provided by organic alternatives. The study concludes that fish water fertigation is a highly effective and sustainable method for boosting cucumber growth and yield, while traditional manure-based farming remains a viable, if slightly less productive, organic option. Keywords: Cucumber growth, Fertigation, Fish water, Organic farming, Yield comparison

WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH) IN REMOTE AREAS OF CROSS RIVER STATE: A CASE STUDY OF AGOI COMMUNITIES, YAKURR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.

Abstract

This study investigated household water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Agoi, Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. A survey design was used to gather data on drinking water sources, physicochemical and bacteriological parameters, open defecation status, toilet facilities, and the influence of household socioeconomic activities on hygiene practices. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to 396 households in Agoi Ekpo and Agoi-Ibami, and laboratory analysis was conducted to assess water quality. The study found that eleven sources of drinking water were found in the two communities, including boreholes, lakes, streams, and rainwater. Surface water was used more frequently than groundwater for drinking and other uses, and colonies had high coliform bacterial concentrations. A higher percentage of households (76.7%) defecate on pit latrines and wooden/block toilets, while farms did not have access to toilets. The study recommends government and private investment in water supply, boiling water, construction of protected pit latrines, and provision of WASH facilities by household heads and government. KEY WORDS: WASH, Sanitation, Hygiene, Remote, Yakurr.

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION EFFECTS ON HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE IN AGBA DAM RESERVOIR

Abstract

Sedimentation in dam reservoirs across the globe is a significant issue that affects the performance, longevity, and operational efficiency of hydraulic structures and Agba dam reservoir is not exempted. This study investigates the impact and sediment accumulation on the functionality and safety of Agba dam reservoir in kwara state. Through computational modeling, the research quantifies the rate of sedimentation, estimated the sediment accumulation and assesses its implications on the reservoir's storage capacity, flood control abilities, and downstream water quality. The results indicated that Agba dam reservoir current storage capacity was 2,326,884.56 m3 and the reservoir was constructed in 1949 with a design capacity of 3,000,000 m3. From the inception to the time of the present study, 73 years had elapsed. This shows that within 73 years, the reservoir lost 0.67m3 of its original capacity to sediment. The average rate of sediment accumulation for the 73- year period was estimated to be 1743.06349 m3/year. This indicates a progressive reduction in the effective storage volume of the reservoir due to sediment deposition and accumulation, which in turn reduces its capacity to manage flood events and supply water during drought period. To mitigate these effects, the study suggests implementing regular sediment management practices, in addition to this; the research highlights the significance of continuous monitoring and adaptive management strategies to maintaining the structural integrity and operational effectiveness of dam reservoirs in the face of ongoing sedimentation challenges. Keywords: Sedimentation, Dam reservoir, Efficiency, Longevity, Impact, Capacity, Flood control, Mitigate, Management, Maintenance, Strategies.

EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY LOSS ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES IN AGBA DAM RESERVOIR, KWARA STATE

Abstract

The study was carried out in 2022 to examining the percentage capacity loss of Agba dam reservoir in Kwara State. Agba dam reservoir measurements were made using Topcon Hyper V. Precision DGPS for positioning, Garmin GPSmap 78sc for navigation on the reservoir, Syqwest Hydrobox HD single beam echosounder and a transducer for depth measurement, and Hypack 2018 hydrographic software for observing and processing of raw data. During the bathymetric measurements, depth and location measurements was conducted simultaneously to detect the location of the point in both horizontal and vertical planes. It was ascertained that the reservoir storage capacity as computed using ArcGIS 10.8 software was estimated with respect to the design capacity for the three methods of interpolation where Insertion of Mesh Point (IMP) method was 2.412 MCM, Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) method was 2.326 MCM, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method was 2.274 MCM against the Design Capacity of 3MCM and the IMP method gave the least error by statistical analysis of the three interpolation methods as 2.286 (MAE), 7.387 (MSE) and 2.718(RMSE) with the highest volume making it the most acceptable method in this perspective. Keywords: Capacity loss, Navigation, bathymetric, storage capacity, Design capacity, Acceptable method

ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, DAURA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

Worldwide, 667 million people lack access to portable municipal water, with almost half of those people living in sub-Saharan Africa (WHO, 2013). Population health is impacted by an inadequate water supply both directly and indirectly, which can result in illnesses such diarrhea and those linked to poor personal cleanliness (Hunter et al., 2010). The main goal of drinking water monitoring is to guarantee that it is safe to consume, safeguarding community health and halting the development of illnesses that are transmitted via the water. The World Health Organization's (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) standards are frequently used to evaluate and compare the quality of subterranean water. This study examines factors in comparison to WHO and NSDWQ criteria with a focus on Federal Polytechnic Daura's subsurface water quality evaluation. The results show notable variations in bacteriological counts and physicochemical properties between the several school sample locations. Government officials and interested parties must move quickly to provide water filtration solutions in order to protect public health and safety. Key words: water quality, physicochemical parameters, bacteriological amount.

ASSESSMENT OF PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON GROUNDWATER VARIABILITY IN RANO HARDROCK TERRAIN AREA, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

This research assesses people’s perception on Groundwater variability in the Hard Rock Terrain Areas of Rano Local Government, Kano State. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was used as data collection instrument where participants were selected using purposive sampling technique. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Result revealed that groundwater variability in the area is influenced by climate change resulting in reduced rainfall, increased temperatures and diminished water infiltration which impact aquifer replenishment. It is concluded that, findings emphasize the need for integrated approaches considering geological, geomorphic and hydrological factors to ensure sustainable groundwater development and utilization in the study area. Based on the findings, it is recommended that Government should raise the awareness campaign on climate change impacts by educating the community members and also implement water conservation measures by promoting water-saving practices to reduce water shortage in low groundwater yield areas. Keywords: People’s Perception, Groundwater, Variability, HardRock, Terrain

Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteria isolated from contaminated Agricultural environment for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid degradation: Experimental study

Abstract

In the agricultural sector, a class of chemical compounds known as chlorinated phenol and phenoxyacetic acid is employed as an herbicide, wood preservative, and pesticide. Additionally, they are listed as priority pollutants by the USEPA. The other group of chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid is used as herbicides to control broad leaf weeds in both agriculture and domestic application (to control weeds of home gardens). Following systemic dilution of soil sample on mineral salt medium, three bacterial isolates (D1, D2, and D3), were isolated and subjected to lots of screening of which D2 was proven to be the best. Molecular identification includes polymerase chain reaction, gel electrophoresis, sequence alignment and phylogentic analysis which prove the isolate was Achromobacter sp. Incubation time, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and inoculum size in mineral salt medium were all the parameters tested during the characterization work 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide was used as the alternative source of carbon. The bacterila isolate grew and degrade 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid best at 96 h incubation time, 0.72gL-1 substrate concentration, pH of 7.5, 40 ºC temperature, and 400µg/L inoculum size. High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the residual 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and the standard solution probe the isolate degrade up to 95.38% of the substrate indicating great potentiality in bioremediation. Keywords: Bioremediation, Achromobater, Herbicide, Agriculture

Seasonal Variations and the Prevalence of Malaria Among Patients at Bichi General Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Abstract

Malaria is among the most prevalent causes of mortality for individuals in developing countries. The goal of this research is to ascertain how the season affects the prevalence of malaria infection among patients who visit the Bichi General Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. The data for this research was gathered from hospital records. The analysis focused on monthly malaria cases throughout the rainy (May-October) and dry (November-April) seasons. To evaluate the variation in malaria prevalence between wet and dry seasons, we used the paired two-sample T test for mean. The p-value of 0.04912 > 0.05 indicates that there was a difference in malaria prevalence between the wet and dry seasons. Additionally, the rainy season saw a 59.44% prevalence of malaria, while the dry season saw 40.56% prevalence.. Specifically, the months of May through October during the rainy season had the highest malaria prevalence, with September having the highest peak of prevalence (283) throughout the year. To avert the scourge of malaria, the study advised residents in endemic areas to implement preventive measures throughout the year, with a focus on the rainy seasons. Keywords: Seasonal variation, Malaria, Prevalence, Bichi, Kano, Nigeria

ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD VULNERABILTY AREAS IN BILLIRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

There is a significant increase in the occurrence of floods globally, with an impact on habitation and different sectors of the economy. This, in turn, necessitates the use of different flood mitigation strategies, wherein flood vulnerability assessment plays a significant role. The research assessed the overall flood vulnerable areas in Billiri local government area of Gombe State, Nigeria. The factors considered include; slope, elevation, rainfall, soil, drainage, land use and land cover factor. The coordinate of the study areas was obtained using global positioning system (GPS), flood risk factor was analyzed, classified and integrated/overlay to produce final flood prone map of the study area using weighted overlay methods in ArcGIS. According to flood risk factors analysis, the results indicates that southwestern part of the study area is more vulnerable to flood, which include villages such as Ayaba, Shela, Tudu, Kwaya, Lakarai, Sansani, Latoddo, Polido and Fagla respectively. Based on the flood risk factors, slope contributed highest percentage 15.40%, elevation 8.80%, rainfall 3.10%, land use and land cover 10.80%, drainage density 5.90% and soil factor having 1.90%. Based on their hazard level classification, slope factor happens to be the number one factor of flood disaster in the area. Generally, the result of the integrated flood vulnerability map showed 34.41% of the study area is highly vulnerable to flood. The flood mitigation measures required based on the research was creation of dams to control flood, proper channelization, use of flood warning system. Floodplain restoration, public awareness, and suitable drainage system.

IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE TREND ON THE YIELD OF MAIZE PRODUCTION IN ONDO STATE

Abstract

Rainfall and Temperature are notable climatic variables affecting the growth and yield of maize in the rainforest environment of Ondo State, thus, a study was carried out to assess the influence of climatic variable patterns on maize yield. The study employs secondary climatic data of Ondo state from 2000-2024 and yearly yield data of maize from Agricultural Development Programme. Daily climatic variables were summarized and analyzed using regression and correlation. The correlation analysis revealed a non-significant negative relationship between maize yield and solar radiation (r² = -0.119), maximum temperature (r² = -0.366), and rainfall (r² = -0.104). Conversely, minimum temperature exhibited a slight positive correlation with yield (r² = 0.028). The results also showed a positive correlation between solar radiation and both maximum (r² = 0.235) and minimum (r² = 0.279) temperatures, while rainfall displayed a negative correlation with these variables (r² = -0.271). Trend analysis indicated an upward positive trend in maize yield, despite fluctuations in temperature and rainfall. Regression analysis further demonstrated that solar radiation, temperature, and rainfall collectively explained 50.6% of the variability in maize yield (R² = 0.506). The most significant impact on yield was attributed to solar radiation (β = 3.747, p < 0.01), followed by temperature, with rising temperatures contributing to decreased yields. These findings suggest that while maize production in Ondo State is influenced by multiple agro-climatic factors, the significant role of solar radiation highlights the need for adaptive agricultural practices to mitigate the adverse effects of increasing temperatures on maize yield.

Analysis of Meteorological Drought for Water Resources and Irrigation Planning in Ado – Ekiti, Nigeria

Abstract

Drought is a natural hazard with far-reaching impacts on agriculture, hydrology and water resources. This study employed the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to analyze meteorological drought patterns in Ado-Ekiti over three temporal scales: 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month, using monthly rainfall data covering the period 1980 to 2022. Plot of annual rainfall series showed high rainfall variability over AdoEkiti during the period of study, especially between 1985 and 2010, but with an increasing trend from the period till 2022. Moreover, the results of drought analysis also revealed that it has be more of wet years in Ado-Ekiti irrespective of the different time scales used, with most months mildly wet, followed by moderately wet, severely wet and extremely wet conditions, respectively. However, extreme and severe drought conditions were observed especially at shorter timescales, especially during decade 1980s. Consequently, it was concluded that occurrence of drought has been very rare in Ado-Ekiti which may translate to increasing agricultural productivity if effectively harnessed. However, in view of the extreme drought conditions observed during few months, it is recommended that farmers should always prepare for supplementary irrigation, especially during off-season farming activities, while construction of water storage and flood control facilities should be prioritized by governments at all levels in the town.

Sr No. Article Information
1
Groundwater Flow in Fractured Rock Matrix: Application of the Forchheimer Model
Author(s): W.I.A. Okuyade.
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2
Geospatial Assessment of Flood-Prone Areas in Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria
Author(s): Abdulrashid Abdullahi.
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3
Biofertilizers as Sustainable Solution in Enhancing Food Security
Author(s): Kilani, Rahmat Bola.
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4
IMPACT OF URBANISATION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY IN GOMBE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Abdulrasheed Sadeeq.
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5
VALUATION OF PORTABLE WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN HADEJIA PARTS OF SEMI-ARID REGION OF JIGAWA STATE
Author(s): Mallam I..
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6
SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MASHI AND MANI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS (LGAS), KATSINA STATE: UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS
Author(s): Nura Abdulraqib.
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7
Climate Change and Drought in Kano and Jigawa States, Nigeria
Author(s): S.U. Usman.
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8
IMPACT OF BOREHOLE WATER QUALITY AND WATER POLLUTION INDEX (WPI) ON POULTRY PRODUCTION IN MAIDUGURI METROPOLIS, BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Tasi’u Yalwa Rilwanu.
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9
Review of Clustering Algorithms for Regional Drought Characterisation
Author(s): Chukwu, S. Emeka.
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10
ANALYSIS OF PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY ON RICE YIELD IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE
Author(s): FOLORUNSHO,J.O..
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11
CLIMATE CHANGE: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY THE FARMERS ON FARMLAND FOOD SECURITY IN KANKARA LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Aminu Rilwanu.
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12
STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF FLOOD VULNERABILITY IN NIGER DELTA REGION
Author(s): Simon D. Okonta.
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13
AN ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS OF PIPE-BORNE WATER DEMAND FOR MALUMFASHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Haruna Saleh (Ph. D).
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14
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FLOOD IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA`S COASTAL REGIONS
Author(s): Odior, K. ANTHONY.
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15
VISUAL MODELING IN HYDROLOGY: ENHANCING REAL-TIME FLOOD MANAGEMENT USING FLEXPLOT, LINEAR MODELING, AND MIXED MODELING
Author(s): Atemoagbo, Oyarekhua Precious.
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16
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING OF LONG-MEMORY DATA: AN APPLICATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Author(s): K. I. EKERIKEVWE.
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17
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA: A FOCUS ON FLOODS AND DROUGHTS
Author(s): Timothy A. Akinkuolie.
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18
Estimation of Aquifer Hydraulic Characteristics in Basement Terrain in Parts of Batagarawa area, Katsina State Nigeria using Geo-electrical Measurement
Author(s): Mudassir Hassan.
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19
Temporal Dynamics of Vegetation Health and Land Cover across Borno, Sokoto, Lagos and Rivers States: A Three-Decade Analysis
Author(s): Amangabara, G.T.
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20
Flood Frequency Analysis Based on Gumbel’s Distribution Method: A Study of Makurdi Catchment of the Benue River, Benue State, Nigeria
Author(s): Ikyapa Tertese Peter.
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21
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Community Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in relation to Diseases in Kano State, Nigeria
Author(s): Ahmad Hamza Abdullahi .
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22
The use of GIS and remote sensing in Land Suitability Classification for Groundnut Production in Katsina State, Northwest, Nigeria.
Author(s): Sani Abdullahi.
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23
Growth and Yield of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) under Solar-powered Smart and Manual Drip Irrigation Systems in Mokwa, Nigeria.
Author(s): Jibril, I..
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24
PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF THE EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION IN APA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Nura Saleh.
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25
IMPACT OF WATER SCARCITY IN SELECTED VILLAGES OF APA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Shamsu A. Idris.
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26
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES: URBAN RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Mikailu Lawal.
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27
EFFECT OF FLOOD ON AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT IN SABON-BIRNI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, SOKOTO STATE
Author(s): Aminu Garba Ibrahim.
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28
EVALUATION OF COASTAL AQUIFER VULNERABILITY TO SEAWATER INTRUSION USING GIS BASED GALDIT DEPENDENT MODEL IN APAPA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Jimoh, Rafiu Atanda.
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29
Extraction of Water Depth and Surface Water Area Variations Analysis using Landsat Satellite Imageries and Statistical tools: A case of Zobe Dam, Nigeria
Author(s): Abdulkadir, Isah Funtua Ph.D. (Nig.)..
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30
Assessing the Spatio-Temporal dynamics of the Shoreline Change Process in Parts of the Lake Chad Environs using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS)
Author(s): ABDULKADIR Isah Funtua.
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31
A Brief Look into Water Resources Management and Ecosystem Health for Water and Food Security
Author(s): Mala Babagana Gutti.
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32
Assessment of the Awareness of Primary School Pupil’s on the Impact of Flooding in Ouagadougou
Author(s): Halidou KAFANDO.
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33
FLOODING CHALLENGES ON FOOD SECURITY AND COPING STRATEGIES FOR COMMUNITIES AT SOME FLOOD PRONE AREAS OF BENUE STATE
Author(s): CAROLINE N. IGBO-UCHI, PhD.
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34
FLOODING: CAUSATIVE FACTORS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN AKURE, NIGERIA
Author(s): OLORUNLANA Folasade Aderonke.
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35
A Note on Dry Season Rainstorm Characteristics (1952– 1982) over Ibadan, Nigeria
Author(s): Adesola Adediran, PhD..
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36
A REVIEW ON LEVERAGING OF TECHNOLOGY TO SUSTAINABLE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Author(s): biodun Oyinade Odetoyinbo.
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37
GIS and Machine Learning Approaches in Flood Hazard Mapping: A Case Study of Lower Niger River Basin
Author(s): Adeyemi ,Adedoyin Benson.
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38
Impact of Sediment and Water Heavy Metal Concentrations on Fish Bioaccumulation in Hadejia River, Nigeria
Author(s): Amoo, Afeez Oladeji.
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39
Effect of Fuel Station Distances on Groundwater Pollution and its Quality for Domestic Uses in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria
Author(s): Dzapine, S. T..
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40
Characteristics of Soils of Iwogban Gully in Edo State and their Implications for Household Food Security
Author(s): Adegun, Olubunmi, Eremen.
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41
Climate Change, Trends of Wet Spells and Flooding Implication in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
Author(s): Audu, E.B..
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42
IMPACT OF HADEJIA VALLEY IRRIGATION PROJECT (HVIP) ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS OF BENEFICIARIES AND NON-BENEFICIARIES, IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Mubarak Sani.
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43
EFFECTS OF FLOOD RISK ON AGRICULTURAL FARMLANDS IN KOFAR KONA ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Musa Inusa.
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44
Characteristics of Soils of Iwogban Gully in Edo State and their Implications for Household Food Security
Author(s): Adegun, Olubunmi, Eremen.
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45
ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL AND GROWTH INDICES OF CAYENNE PEPPER (NHSMB-F4) UNDER OPTIMAL AND LIMITED WATER SUPPLY REGIMES IN ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA
Author(s): Sarumi Oyinkansola Barakat.
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46
Exploring the Prevalence of Flooding and the Drivers of Flood Risk in Jigawa State, Nigeria
Author(s): ZAKARIA, Aliyu.
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47
Effect of Poor Urban Planning and Ineffective Development Control on Flooding in Katsina-Ala Town of Benue State, Nigeria.
Author(s): Korom, Terna.
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48
Dams Utilization Analysis and Potentials to Enhance Irrigated Agriculture in Kano State, Nigeria
Author(s): N.J. Shanono.
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49
INVESTIGATION OF DRIP IRRIGATION WITH FERTIGATION FOR ENHANCING CUCUMBER YIELD IN UZO-UWANI ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Ifeanyi Ella Ugwu.
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50
WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH) IN REMOTE AREAS OF CROSS RIVER STATE: A CASE STUDY OF AGOI COMMUNITIES, YAKURR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.
Author(s): Prof. Eze Bassey Eze.
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51
ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION EFFECTS ON HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE IN AGBA DAM RESERVOIR
Author(s): Salami, I.A..
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52
EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY LOSS ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES IN AGBA DAM RESERVOIR, KWARA STATE
Author(s): Salami, I.A..
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53
ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, DAURA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Abdurrashid Adamu.
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54
ASSESSMENT OF PEOPLE’S PERCEPTION ON GROUNDWATER VARIABILITY IN RANO HARDROCK TERRAIN AREA, KANO STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Murtala Alhaji Hassan.
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55
Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteria isolated from contaminated Agricultural environment for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid degradation: Experimental study
Author(s): Jahun Bashir Muhammad.
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56
Seasonal Variations and the Prevalence of Malaria Among Patients at Bichi General Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Author(s): Nasiru Salmanu Yakubu.
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57
ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD VULNERABILTY AREAS IN BILLIRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA
Author(s): Bappi Abubakar, Hussaini Mohammed., Jimoh A. Ibrahim., Sadeeq Abdulrasheed.
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58
IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE TREND ON THE YIELD OF MAIZE PRODUCTION IN ONDO STATE
Author(s): Titlayo O. Oladitan and Aisha Emiola.
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59
Analysis of Meteorological Drought for Water Resources and Irrigation Planning in Ado – Ekiti, Nigeria
Author(s): *Oloruntade, A. J., 2Olaniyan, I. O. and 3Adeyeye, J. A..
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